Essential Equipment

Histology

1. Microtomes: For slicing tissue samples into thin sections.
2. Cryostats: For frozen sectioning.
3. Tissue Processors: For automated tissue preparation.
4. Embedding Centers: For embedding tissues in paraffin.
5. Staining Equipment: Automated and manual staining stations for H&E, IHC, and special stains.
6. Microscopes: Light, fluorescence, and electron microscopes for detailed examination.

Molecular Biology

1. PCR Machines: For amplification of DNA and RNA samples.
2. qPCR Machines: For quantitative analysis of nucleic acids.
3. Sequencers: Next-generation sequencers for genomic analysis.
4. Gel Electrophoresis Equipment: For DNA and RNA separation.
5. Nucleic Acid Extractors: Automated systems for extracting DNA and RNA.
6. Thermocyclers: For PCR and other amplification protocols.
7. Spectrophotometers and Fluorometers: For quantifying nucleic acids and proteins.

General Equipment

1. Centrifuges: For sample separation.
2. Refrigerators and Freezers: For sample storage at different temperatures.
3. Autoclaves: For sterilizing equipment and consumables.
4. Fume Hoods and Biosafety Cabinets: For handling hazardous materials safely.
5. Automated Pipetting Systems: For high-throughput sample handling.

Laboratory Processes

Pathology

1. Sample Reception and Accessioning: Logging and labeling samples upon arrival.
2. Tissue Processing: Fixation, dehydration, clearing, and embedding of tissue samples.
3. Sectioning and Staining: Cutting tissue sections and applying various stains for microscopic examination.
4. Microscopic Examination: Analysis by pathologists for diagnosis.

Molecular Biology

1. Sample Preparation: DNA/RNA extraction, quantification, and quality control.
2. PCR and qPCR: Amplification and quantification of nucleic acids.
3. Sequencing: Preparing libraries and sequencing for genomic analysis.
4. Data Analysis: Bioinformatics tools for analyzing sequencing data and other molecular assays.